Skeletal muscle regeneration with 3D bioprinted hyaluronate/gelatin hydrogels incorporating MXene nanoparticles.

There has been significant progress in the field of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology, leading to active research on creating bioinks capable of producing structurally and functionally tissue-mimetic constructs. Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoparticles (NPs), promising two-dimensional nanomaterials, are being investigated for their potential in muscle regeneration due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this study, we integrated MXene NPs into composite hydrogels made of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (HAMA) to develop bioinks (namely, GHM bioink) that promote myogenesis. The prepared GHM bioinks were found to offer excellent printability with structural integrity, cytocompatibility, and microporosity. Additionally, MXene NPs within the 3D bioprinted constructs encouraged the differentiation of C2C12 cells into skeletal muscle cells without additional support of myogenic agents. Genetic analysis indicated that representative myogenic markers both for early and late myogenesis were significantly up-regulated. Moreover, animal studies demonstrated that GHM bioinks contributed to enhanced regeneration of skeletal muscle while reducing immune responses in mice models with volumetric muscle loss (VML). Our results suggest that the GHM hydrogel can be exploited to craft a range of strategies for the development of a novel bioink to facilitate skeletal muscle regeneration because these MXene-incorporated composite materials have the potential to promote myogenesis.

Highly Aligned Ternary Nanofiber Matrices Loaded with MXene Expedite Regeneration of Volumetric Muscle Loss.

Current therapeutic approaches for volumetric muscle loss (VML) face challenges due to limited graft availability and insufficient bioactivities. To overcome these limitations, tissue-engineered scaffolds have emerged as a promising alternative. In this study, we developed aligned ternary nanofibrous matrices comprised of poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) integrated with collagen and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoparticles (NPs) (PCM matrices), and explored their myogenic potential for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration. The PCM matrices demonstrated favorable physicochemical properties, including structural uniformity, alignment, microporosity, and hydrophilicity. In vitro assays revealed that the PCM matrices promoted cellular behaviors and myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated enhanced muscle remodeling and recovery in mice treated with PCM matrices following VML injury. Mechanistic insights from next-generation sequencing revealed that MXene NPs facilitated protein and ion availability within PCM matrices, leading to elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels in myoblasts through the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), ultimately promoting myogenic differentiation via the mTOR-AKT pathway. Additionally, upregulated iNOS and increased NO- contributed to myoblast proliferation and fiber fusion, thereby facilitating overall myoblast maturation. These findings underscore the potential of MXene NPs loaded within highly aligned matrices as therapeutic agents to promote skeletal muscle tissue recovery.

Laser-Assisted Structuring of Graphene Films with Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Polymer for Skin/Brain-Interfaced Electrodes.

The work presented here introduces a facile strategy for the development of flexible and stretchable electrodes that harness the robust characteristics of carbon nanomaterials through laser processing techniques on a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) film. By utilizing LCP film as a biocompatible electronic substrate, control is demonstrated over the laser irradiation parameters to achieve efficient pattern generation and transfer printing processes, thereby yielding highly conductive laser-induced graphene (LIG) bioelectrodes. To enhance the resolution of the patterned LIG film, shadow masks are employed during laser scanning on the LCP film surface. This approach is compatible with surface-mounted device integration, enabling the circuit writing of LIG/LCP materials in a flexible format. Moreover, kirigami-inspired on-skin bioelectrodes are introduced that exhibit reasonable stretchability, enabling independent connections to healthcare hardware platforms for electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) measurements. Additionally, a brain-interfaced LIG microelectrode array is proposed that combines mechanically compliant architectures with LCP encapsulation for stimulation and recording purposes, leveraging their advantageous structural features and superior electrochemical properties. This developed approach offers a cost-effective and scalable route for producing patterned arrays of laser-converted graphene as bioelectrodes. These bioelectrodes serve as ideal circuit-enabled flexible substrates with long-term reliability in the ionic environment of the human body.

Regulated Behavior in Living Cells with Highly Aligned Configurations on Nanowrinkled Graphene Oxide Substrates: Deep Learning Based on Interplay of Cellular Contact Guidance.

Micro-/nanotopographical cues have emerged as a practical and promising strategy for controlling cell fate and reprogramming, which play a key role as biophysical regulators in diverse cellular processes and behaviors. Extracellular biophysical factors can trigger intracellular physiological signaling via mechanotransduction and promote cellular responses such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, gene/protein expression, and differentiation. Here, we engineered a highly ordered nanowrinkled graphene oxide (GO) surface via the mechanical deformation of an ultrathin GO film on an elastomeric substrate to observe specific cellular responses based on surface-mediated topographical cues. The ultrathin GO film on the uniaxially prestrained elastomeric substrate through self-assembly and subsequent compressive force produced GO nanowrinkles with periodic amplitude. To examine the acute cellular behaviors on the GO-based cell interface with nanostructured arrays of wrinkles, we cultured L929 fibroblasts and HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. As a result, our developed cell-culture substrate obviously provided a directional guidance effect. In addition, based on the observed results, we adapted a deep learning (DL)-based data processing technique to precisely interpret the cell behaviors on the nanowrinkled GO surfaces. According to the learning/transfer learning protocol of the DL network, we detected cell boundaries, elongation, and orientation and quantitatively evaluated cell velocity, traveling distance, displacement, and orientation. The presented experimental results have intriguing implications such that the nanotopographical microenvironment could engineer the living cells' morphological polarization to assemble them into useful tissue chips consisting of multiple cell types.

Mobile Point-of-Care Device Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Chemosensors Targeting Interleukin-1ß Biomarker.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have garnered significant attention as a promising material for engineering specific biological receptors with superior chemical complementarity to target molecules. In this study, we present an electrochemical biosensing platform incorporating MIP films for the selective detection of the interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) biomarker, particularly suitable for mobile point-of-care testing (POCT) applications. The IL-1ß-imprinted biosensors were composed of poly(eriochrome black T (EBT)), including an interlayer of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) and a 4-aminothiophenol monolayer, which were electrochemically polymerized simultaneously with template proteins (i.e., IL-1ß) on custom flexible screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). The architecture of the MIP films was designed to enhance the sensor sensitivity and signal stability. This approach involved a straightforward sequential-electropolymerization process and extraction for leaving behind cavities (i.e., rebinding sites), resulting in the efficient production of MIP-based biosensors capable of molecular recognition for selective IL-1ß detection. The electrochemical behaviors were comprehensively investigated using cyclic voltammograms and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy responses to assess the imprinting effect on the MIP films formed on the SPCEs. In line with the current trend in in vitro diagnostic medical devices, our simple and effective MIP-based analytical system integrated with mobile POCT devices offers a promising route to the rapid detection of biomarkers, with particular potential for periodontitis screening.

Gain enhancement of perovskite nanosheets by a patterned waveguide: excitation and temperature dependence of gain saturation.

Optical gain enhancement of two-dimensional CsPbBr3 nanosheets was studied when the amplified spontaneous emission is guided by a patterned structure of polyurethane-acrylate. Given the uncertainties and pitfalls in retrieving a gain coefficient from the variable stripe length method, a gain contour [Formula: see text] was obtained in the plane of spectrum energy (ℏω) and stripe length (x), whereby an average gain was obtained, and gain saturation was analysed. Excitation and temperature dependence of the gain contour show that the waveguide enhances both gain and thermal stability due to the increased optical confinement and heat dissipation, and the gain origins were attributed to the two-dimensional excitons and the localized states.

3D printed membranes of polylactic acid and graphene oxide for guided bone regeneration.

We fabricated graphene oxide (GO)-incorporated polylactic acid (PLA) (GO-PLA) films by using three-dimensional (3D) printing to explore their potential benefits as barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration (GBR). Our results showed that the 3D printed GO-PLA films provided highly favorable matrices for preosteoblasts and accelerated new bone formation in rat calvarial bone defect models.

Spontaneous Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Tuna-Bone-Derived Hydroxyapatite Composites with Green Tea Polyphenol-Reduced Graphene Oxide.

In recent years, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has made significant progress in promoting the direct and functional connection between bone and graft, including osseointegration and osteoconduction, to facilitate the healing of damaged bone tissues. Herein, we introduce a new, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective method for synthesizing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and hydroxyapatite (HAp). The method uses epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) as a reducing agent to synthesize rGO (E-rGO), and HAp powder is obtained from Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). The physicochemical analysis indicated that the E-rGO/HAp composites had exceptional properties for use as BTE scaffolds, as well as high purity. Moreover, we discovered that E-rGO/HAp composites facilitated not only the proliferation, but also early and late osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our work suggests that E-rGO/HAp composites may play a significant role in promoting the spontaneous osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, and we envision that E-rGO/HAp composites could serve as promising candidates for BTE scaffolds, stem-cell differentiation stimulators, and implantable device components because of their biocompatible and bioactive properties. Overall, we suggest a new approach for developing cost-effective and environmentally friendly E-rGO/HAp composite materials for BTE application.

Recent Trends in Macromolecule-Based Approaches for Hair Loss Treatment.

Macromolecules are large, complex molecules composed of smaller subunits known as monomers. The four primary categories of macromolecules found in living organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; they also encompass a broad range of natural and synthetic polymers. Recent studies have shown that biologically active macromolecules can help regenerate hair, providing a potential solution for current hair regeneration therapies. This review examines the latest developments in the use of macromolecules for the treatment of hair loss. The fundamental principles of hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis, hair shaft (HS) development, hair cycle regulation, and alopecia have been introduced. Microneedle (MN) and nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems are innovative treatments for hair loss. Additionally, the application of macromolecule-based tissue-engineered scaffolds for the in vitro and in vivo neogenesis of HFs is discussed. Furthermore, a new research direction is explored wherein artificial skin platforms are adopted as a promising screening method for hair loss treatment drugs. Through these multifaceted approaches, promising aspects of macromolecules for future hair loss treatments are identified.

3D bioprinting of human mesenchymal stem cells-laden hydrogels incorporating MXene for spontaneous osteodifferentiation.

Contemporary advances in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies have enabled the fabrication of tailored live 3D tissue mimetics. Furthermore, the development of advanced bioink materials has been highlighted to accurately reproduce the composition of a native extracellular matrix and mimic the intrinsic properties of laden cells. Recent research has shown that MXene is one of promising nanobiomaterials with osteogenic activity for bone grafts and scaffolds due to its unique atomic structure of three titanium layers between two carbon layers. In this study, the MXene-incorporated gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (HAMA) (i.e., GelMA/HAMA-MXene) bioinks were prepared to explore if they have the potential to enable the spontaneous osteodifferentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) when the hMSCs-laden GelMA/HAMA-MXene bioinks were 3D printed. The physicochemical and rheological characteristics of the GelMA/HAMA-MXene hydrogels were proven to be unprecedentedly favorable supportive matrices suited for the growth and survival of hMSCs. Furthermore, hMSCs were shown to spontaneously differentiate into osteoblasts within GelMA-HAMA/MXene composites to provide favorable microenvironments for osteogenesis. Therefore, our results suggest that the remarkable biofunctional advantages of the MXene-incorporated GelMA/HAMA bioink can be utilized in a wide range of strategies for the development of effective scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration.

State-of-the-art techniques for promoting tissue regeneration: Combination of three-dimensional bioprinting and carbon nanomaterials.

181Biofabrication approaches, such as three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of hydrogels, have recently garnered increasing attention, especially in the construction of 3D structures that mimic the complexity of tissues and organs with the capacity for cytocompatibility and post-printing cellular development. However, some printed gels show poor stability and maintain less shape fidelity if parameters such as polymer nature, viscosity, shear-thinning behavior, and crosslinking are affected. Therefore, researchers have incorporated various nanomaterials as bioactive fillers into polymeric hydrogels to address these limitations. Carbon-family nanomaterials (CFNs), hydroxyapatites, nanosilicates, and strontium carbonates have been incorporated into printed gels for application in various biomedical fields. In this review, following the compilation of research publications on CFNs-containing printable gels in various tissue engineering applications, we discuss the types of bioprinters, the prerequisites of bioink and biomaterial ink, as well as the progress and challenges of CFNs-containing printable gels in this field.

Foldable and wearable supercapacitors for powering healthcare monitoring applications with improved performance based on hierarchically co-assembled CoO/NiCo networks.

Small-scale and high-performance energy storage devices have drawn tremendous attention with their portable, lightweight, and multi-functionalized features. Here, we present a foldable supercapacitor with affordable flexibility by adopting a developed design and electrode material system as a way to extend usability. Notably, to resolve the limited energy density of conventional capacitors, we successfully synthesize the CoO/NiCo-layered double hydroxide (LDH) core-shell nanostructure on Ni framework as a cathode material. Further, glucose-based activated carbon (GBAC) is utilized for the anode. The CoO/NiCo-LDH electrodes exhibited a high specific capacitance of âˆ¼284.8 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1, and GBAC delivers a high specific capacitance of âˆ¼166 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. In the following, the combinatorial integration of these materials enabled the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) to increase the energy density by enhancing the capacitance and the voltage window, in which a hydrogel-based electrolyte was facilitated for the foldable and wearable capability. The energy density of the ASC device was âˆ¼24.9 Wh kg-1 at a power density of âˆ¼779.5 W kg-1 with a voltage window of âˆ¼1.6 V. As demonstrated, a self-powered energy source was demonstrated by a serially connected multi-ASC device with a help of a commercial solar cell, which was employed for powering wearable healthcare monitoring devices, including personal alarms for patients and recording the human body's electrical signals. The present work offers a viable approach to preparing potential candidates for high-performance electrodes of supercapacitors with deformable configurations to extend the powering capability of other electronic devices with physical functionalities used in wearable electronics.

Bacteria-Adhesive Nitric Oxide-Releasing Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles for MRPA-Infected Wound Healing Therapy.

A bacteria-infected wound can lead to being life-threatening and raises a great economic burden on the patient. Here, we developed polyethylenimine 1.8k (PEI1.8k) surface modified NO-releasing polyethylenimine 25k (PEI25k)-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (GO-PEI25k/NO-PEI1.8k NPs) for enhanced antibacterial activity and infected wound healing via binding to the bacterial surface. In vitro antibacterial activity and in vivo wound healing efficacy in an infected wound model were evaluated compared with NO-releasing NPs (GO-PEI25k/NO NPs). Surface modification with PEI1.8k can enhance the ability of nanoparticles to adhere to bacteria. GO-PEI25k/NO-PEI1.8k NPs released NO in a sustained manner for 48 h and exhibited the highest bactericidal activity (99.99% killing) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MRPA) without cytotoxicity to L929 mouse fibroblast cells at 0.1 mg/mL. In the MRPA-infected wound model, GO-PEI25k/NO-PEI1.8k NPs showed 87% wound size reduction while GO-PEI25k/NO NPs showed 23% wound size reduction at 9 days postinjury. Masson trichrome and hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that GO-PEI25k/NO-PEI1.8k NPs enhanced re-epithelialization and collagen deposition, which are comparable to healthy mouse skin tissue. GO-PEI25k/NO-PEI1.8k NPs hold promise as effective antibacterial and wound healing agents.

Strain-tunable optical microlens arrays with deformable wrinkles for spatially coordinated image projection on a security substrate.

As a new concept in materials design, a variety of strategies have been developed to fabricate optical microlens arrays (MLAs) that enable the miniaturization of optical systems on the micro/nanoscale to improve their characteristic performance with unique optical functionality. In this paper, we introduce a cost-effective and facile fabrication process on a large scale up to ~15 inches via sequential lithographic methods to produce thin and deformable hexagonally arranged MLAs consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Simple employment of oxygen plasma treatment on the prestrained MLAs effectively harnessed the spontaneous formation of highly uniform nanowrinkled structures all over the surface of the elastomeric microlenses. With strain-controlled tunability, unexpected optical diffraction patterns were characterized by the interference combination effect of the microlens and deformable nanowrinkles. Consequently, the hierarchically structured MLAs presented here have the potential to produce desirable spatial arrangements, which may provide easily accessible opportunities to realize microlens-based technology by tunable focal lengths for more advanced micro-optical devices and imaging projection elements on unconventional security substrates.

Ternary MXene-loaded PLCL/collagen nanofibrous scaffolds that promote spontaneous osteogenic differentiation.

Conventional bioinert bone grafts often have led to failure in osseointegration due to low bioactivity, thus much effort has been made up to date to find alternatives. Recently, MXene nanoparticles (NPs) have shown prominent results as a rising material by possessing an osteogenic potential to facilitate the bioactivity of bone grafts or scaffolds, which can be attributed to the unique repeating atomic structure of two carbon layers existing between three titanium layers. In this study, we produced MXene NPs-integrated the ternary nanofibrous matrices of poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone, PLCL) and collagen (Col) decorated with MXene NPs (i.e., PLCL/Col/MXene), as novel scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, via electrospinning to explore the potential benefits for the spontaneous osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. The cultured cells on the physicochemical properties of the nanofibrous PLCL/Col/MXene-based materials revealed favorable interactions with the supportive matrices, highly suitable for the growth and survival of preosteoblasts. Furthermore, the combinatorial ternary material system of the PLCL/Col/MXene nanofibers obviously promoted spontaneous osteodifferentiation with positive cellular responses by providing effective microenvironments for osteogenesis. Therefore, our results suggest that the unprecedented biofunctional advantages of the MXene-integrated PLCL/Col nanofibrous matrices can be expanded to a wide range of strategies for the development of effective scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration.

Surface-mediated high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin-loaded ultrathin graphene oxide film that inhibits the overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species.

BACKGROUND: Astaxanthin (AST) is known as a powerful antioxidant that affects the removal of active oxygen and inhibits the production of lipid peroxide caused by ultraviolet light. However, it is easily decomposed by heat or light during production and storage because of the unsaturated compound nature with a structural double bond. The activity of AST can be reduced and lose its antioxidant capability. Graphene oxide (GO) is an ultrathin nanomaterial produced by oxidizing layered graphite. The chemical combination of AST with GO can improve the dispersion properties to maintain structural stability and antioxidant activity because of the tightly bonded functionalized GO surface. METHODS: Layered GO films were used as nanocarriers for the AST molecule, which was produced via flow-enabled self-assembly and subsequent controlled solution deposition of RGD peptide and AST molecules. Synthesis of the GO-AST complex was also carried out for the optimized concentration. The characterization of prepared materials was analyzed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscope (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity was tested by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The antibacterial effect and antioxidant effects were monitored for the ultrathin GO/RGD/AST Film. Further, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects on L-929 fibroblasts. RESULTS: Cotreatment of GO-AST solution demonstrated a high antioxidant combined effect with a high ABTS and DPPH radicals scavenging activity. The GO/RGD/AST film was produced by the self-assembly process exhibited excellent antibacterial effects based on physicochemical damage against E. coli and S. aureus. In addition, the GO/RGD/AST film inhibited H2O2-induced intracellular ROS, suppressed the toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cells, and restored it, thereby exhibiting strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. CONCLUSION: As GO nanocarrier-assisted AST exerted promising antioxidant and antibacterial reactions, presented a new concept to expand basic research into the field of tissue engineering.

Highly-packed self-assembled graphene oxide film-integrated resistive random-access memory on a silicon substrate for neuromorphic application.

Resistive random-access memories (RRAMs) based on metal-oxide thin films have been studied extensively for application as synaptic devices in neuromorphic systems. The use of graphene oxide (GO) as a switching layer offers an exciting alternative to other materials such as metal-oxides. We present a newly developed RRAM device fabricated by implementing highly-packed GO layers on a highly doped Si wafer to yield a gradual modulation of the memory as a function of the number of input pulses. By using flow-enabled self-assembly, highly uniform GO thin films can be formed on flat Si wafers in a rapid and simple process. The switching mechanism was explored through proposed scenarios reconstructing the density change of the sp2cluster in the GO layer, resulting in a gradual conductance modulation. We analyzed that the current in a low resistance state could flow by tunneling or hopping via clusters because the distance between the sp2clusters in closely-packed GO layers is short. Finally, through a pattern-recognition simulation with a Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology database, the feasibility of using close-packed GO layers as synapse devices was successfully demonstrated.

Synaptic Current Response of a Liquid Ga Electrode via a Surface Electrochemical Redox Reaction in a NaOH Solution.

An ionic device using a liquid Ga electrode in a 1 M NaOH solution is proposed to generate artificial neural spike signals. The oxidation and reduction at the liquid Ga surface were investigated for different bias voltages at 50 °C. When the positive sweep voltage from the starting voltage (V S) of 1 V was applied to the Ga electrode, the oxidation current flowed immediately and decreased exponentially with time. The spike and decay current behavior resembled the polarization and depolarization at the influx and extrusion of Ca2+ in biological synapses. Different average decay times of ∼81 and ∼310 ms were implemented for V S of -2 and -5 V, respectively, to mimic the synaptic responses to short- and long-term plasticity; these decay states can be exploited for application in binary electrochemical memory devices. The oxidation mechanism of liquid Ga was studied. The differences in Ga ion concentration due to V S led to differences in oxidation behavior. Our device is beneficial for the organ cell-machine interface system because liquid Ga is biocompatible and flexible; thus, it can be applied in biocompatible and flexible neuromorphic device development for neuroprosthetics, human cell-machine interface formation, and personal health care monitoring.

Correlation between the bending angle and protein sensing properties of molecularly imprinted hydrogel strips with a one-sided porous pattern.

A visual observation of the bending angle changes for the novel and easy detection of proteins is introduced in this study by fabricating bovine serum albumin (BSA) imprinted hydrogel strips with a one sided 3D porous structure using a combination of polystyrene colloidal crystal templating and the molecular imprinting approach using BSA as the template protein and several functional monomers.

Combinatorial wound healing therapy using adhesive nanofibrous membrane equipped with wearable LED patches for photobiomodulation.

Wound healing is the dynamic tissue regeneration process replacing devitalized and missing tissue layers. With the development of photomedicine techniques in wound healing, safe and noninvasive photobiomodulation therapy is receiving attention. Effective wound management in photobiomodulation is challenged, however, by limited control of the geometrical mismatches on the injured skin surface. Here, adhesive hyaluronic acid-based gelatin nanofibrous membranes integrated with multiple light-emitting diode (LED) arrays are developed as a skin-attachable patch. The nanofibrous wound dressing is expected to mimic the three-dimensional structure of the extracellular matrix, and its adhesiveness allows tight coupling between the wound sites and the flexible LED patch. Experimental results demonstrate that our medical device accelerates the initial wound healing process by the synergetic effects of the wound dressing and LED irradiation. Our proposed technology promises progress for wound healing management and other biomedical applications.